Cyanidin-3-glucoside protects the photooxidative damage of retinal pigment epithelium cells by regulating sphingolipid signaling and inhibiting MAPK pathway

Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is the most common anthocyanin in dark grains and berries a food functional factor to improve visual health. However, mechanisms of C3G on blue light-induced retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell photooxidative damage needs further exploration. We investigated effects light-irradiated A2E-containing RPE cells explored whether sphingolipid, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), mitochondria-mediated pathways are involved this mechanism. Blue light irradiation led mitochondria lysosome cells, whereas preserved mitochondrial morphology function maintained lysosomal integrity. suppressed phosphorylation JNK p38 MAPK inhibit apoptosis. Lipidomics data showed that protected against lipid peroxidation apoptosis by maintaining sphingolipids balance. significantly inhibited ceramide (Cer d18:0/15:0, Cer d18:0/16:0 d18:0/18:0) accumulation elevated galactosylceramide (GalCer d18:1/15:0 GalCer d18:1/16:0) levels irradiated cells. Furthermore, attenuated membrane increasing phosphatidylcholine phosphatidylserine levels. structure regulating sphingolipid signaling suppression activation Thus, dietary supplementation prevents damage.